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December 4, 2011
2008-08-19 14:41:20
English in some of the sound change phenomena and pronunciation rules (transfer) we have had such a frustrating experience, it is easy to understand Chinese people speak English, but also to the Anglo-American dialogue a person mouth, they find it difficult to keep up, sometimes even incomprehensible. This is mainly because we say in English is usually very clear between words, between words are significant pause, but the American people have spoken a lot of sound change, these changes make us sound very familiar becomes strange pronunciation of the word , difficult to understand, to our great difficulties caused by hearing, so understanding and use of the sound change rules will help us to improve the hearing, to make our pronunciation more authentic. There are tonal sound change, aphonia, weakening, muddy, assimilation, stress, reduced reading and other forms. These forms of generation can be attributed to the principle that “Economy” – “economy” principle or “effort” principle. My linguistics teacher said, he was once the research direction for the selection of linguistics and remorse, because he was not that boring either practical linguistics, but the effort principle is to resolve all his distress, and let him is fascinated by linguistics. Because “saving” these two simple words can explain almost all of the sound change phenomena, people are lazy, for the most frequent behavior – say, of course, many in order to save trouble in another way, so also generates a variety of effort and the Evolution of the sound change phenomena. Laoji effort principle, when we read English, so his tongue in a relaxed state, easy Qudu English, I want to feeling a certain pronunciation will be different. Words Reformed title, the following list created major obstacles to the hearing of the five rules of sound change phenomena and their pronunciation, and finally a small article on rhythm, hoping to help! First, the tonal tonal, there are two rules, namely: 1, words that end in a consonant vowel at the beginning of the word: to be tonal, such as: I li (ke a) nother bow (lo) f rice. Here like / laik / consonant at the end, another begins with a vowel, so the tonal note: the consonant at the end refers to the phonetic sound is the last consonant, rather than the end of the word, which as u [ju:.] niversity front The definite article as a must. 2, words that end in a consonant word beginning with h h is not pronounced, and in front of consonants what wil (l he) [wili] do? Ha (s he) done it before? Mus (t he) [ti] go? Can he do it? Should he ….? Tell him to ask her …. Lea (ve him) [vim]. For him (tonal word, and the forum will find very similar to) the first time I know the rules of the tonal , excited, very easy to understand the many used to think very hard to understand sentences, and pronunciation of effort in accordance with this tonal way, a lot easier. Once again confirmed that “Economy”. Second, the sound of assimilation is also a tonal sound of the phenomenon of assimilation, between two words is very smooth transition, leading to a sound by sound effects and temporary changes. Mainly the following three ways: 1, consonant [d] and [j] adjacent to, the assimilation of [dэ]: Would you ….? 2, consonants [t] and [j] neighbor, he was assimilation of [t ∫]: Can you:. . . . ? 3, the consonant [s] and [j] neighbor when he was assimilated to [∫]: Miss you three, aphonia aphonia due to loss of bursting is a phenomenon, friction sound will be lost, so collectively referred to as aphonia. Note: plosive is not completely lost, is still a barrier, blocking the air flow inside, but does not burst, sent directly adjacent consonants. Rules: 1, consonant plosive or fricative followed by a plosive, affricate, and friction, to be lost in front of the consonant burst. Examples are many, many, consonants are not pronounced in red: Sit down: pronunciation teachers will not be issued again [t] sound Contact lens: Big cake Dad told me Huge change Good night four cloud of 1, [S] behind the voiceless to voiced-based Discussion: [k] cloud into [g] Stand: [t] cloud into [d] Expression: [p] cloud into two, the U.S. voice in: [t] in words in the middle are cloud into [ d] such as: writer, the pronunciation of sounds and rider almost no difference between letter-ladder out of pronunciation in order to save Americans and Canadians, accustomed to voiceless muddy, especially [t] will be in the middle of words into turbid [d] But the British pronunciation is not the case, it is the British tones sound a big difference between the United States. Understand the principle of the cloud, will help bring some hearing. Fifth, the weak reading in general: re-read content words such as verbs, nouns, adverbs, etc.; the weak reading of function words such as prepositions, pronouns, etc. is generally a weak reading of the rules: vowel syllable weakened into [E] or a few words such as : for / to / some / does / of the dictionary will find that these words are at least two pronunciation, such as for: re-read when [fR:], the weak reading [fE] Sixth, the rhythm rhythm of the English language, I also take well, but also this grouchy. In my opinion, that ordinary people of China, a standard sentence rhythm and intonation are often only one, I think English should be so, but how is the standard tone it? Asked specifically for this English teacher, different that foreigners have the same tone of a declarative sentence will do different? She told me yes. But after reading the following passage, I think she may mistakenly me. Foreigners to teach you “killer”: Note the rhythm of speech bided studying English, the purpose of doing? Of course, is used and the foreigners, “McCain” myself. How foreigners view that the Chinese people speak English, they say there is no trick it? Reporters ask the 克里斯多佛汉普 Dayton — British Consulate General in Shanghai examiner co-ordination, speech the day he is one of the game referee. Christopher pointed out an opening on the English people the biggest “soft file”, “Chinese people like entanglement on the pronunciation of the word, especially young people, always want to say a standard American English, it is best a little New York accent of American English. As a result, they are very hard to listen to the radio, watching television, seeking to imitate the American accent to speak. After a long period of training, some people even more than the pronunciation of authentic native-born Americans, but I even blindfolded, can easily distinguish speak Chinese, or Americans because Chinese people speak English there is no rhythm. “rhythm Christopher word of the Buddha does not refer only to speak fast or slow, but also includes usually not taken seriously in many small areas, such as the rise and fall tone, accent words, sentences, where a halt. School of the Chinese language had to punctuate the book does have a practice, almost all of the available textbooks are not similar to the English section, has little to teach students that a teacher would. So, most people do not know English sentence has its own split rules. Chinese speakers, or in accordance with the habit of thinking, the arbitrary sentence “Slice and Dice”; or exercise vital capacity, a word from the beginning to the end not even breathing. As a result, the Chinese sentence sounds clearly to the ears of foreigners becomes “unintelligible.” To change this habit is not difficult. Christopher believes that as long as the continuous practice a few months, a level of ordinary English people who can speak good English, even to the “real” level, and speak their mother tongue neck and neck. His practice is very simple to find a box of foreigners — read the standard tape recorder inside without a break in play. Then you look at draft text, slavishly follow the rhythm of his time. At this time, fully mobilize your ears adapt to the foreign pronunciation and intonation, but also wildly like a tube echo reflected. Over time, when you get used to the rhythm of foreigners, provided they have 5000 basic words, you can meet the general dialogue ah, finally finished it! Drink water, began to write concluding remarks. My initial training in pronunciation, do not know the rules, just like to imitate, to develop a lot of bad habits, the teacher always said I like to swallow sound, very distressed, that I began to carefully pronounce every word clearly, but I know that this is definitely wrong. So I began to collect and summarize the rules in this regard, not only solved the puzzle before, pronunciation has also been greatly improved, and now write down the rules of this sound change, really hope it will help you! Also, if there are any mistakes, please let us know! Voiceless muddy – the details of a simple understanding of English pronunciation in accordance with the habit, in the back of the voiceless s sound will be read into the corresponding voiced consonants. This is the voiceless muddy. For example: spy / spai / light cloud of consonants should be / sbai / spoon / spu: n / light cloud of consonants should be / sbu: n / star / sta: / light cloud of consonants should be / sda: / voiceless consonant in the / s / after the muddy stick in t read as / d / consonants cloud of hair is not fully voiced, which are a cross between voiceless and voiced there! Pronunciation is not as voiced so strongly! Second, put together a rational analysis on the consonant / s / sound behind love plosive so-called “cloud” of the details of this very complex issue of voice, a few words is not easy to thoroughly publicize. Here only experience trying to say a few broad-brush style, want to speak Chinese people learn English a little help. 1) is well known, in the same syllable, immediately following the / s / sound behind the / p, t, k / and as a syllable beginning with / p, t, k / voice characteristics are different. China has always been popular in English teaching profession to change this voice as “muddy.” I think this view is not accurate enough from a phonetic point of view, or at least inaccurate; from the perspective of English language teaching is likely to produce misleading results. 2) The so-called “cloud” is nothing more than the “clear” relative. English / p, t, k / consonants is clear blasting, blasting with voiced consonants / b, d, g / relative. Han students, except for a few people outside the dialect generally takes some effort to properly grasp the English / b, d, g / pronunciation, learn to “muddy” sound “muddy” enough. If stress mimic this, no special “cloud” of training, natural ability to imitate is not strong majority of students will certainly use the Chinese language [b, d, g] instead of English / p, t, k /, The results say it in English although in many cases are still not Jiaoren misunderstanding, but the effects are very poor voice, saying: unlike English! Why? Because the Chinese [b, d, g] and [p, t, k] is simply the difference can be aspirated and unaspirated distinction. To English? / P, t, k / is a strong burst clear consonants, pronunciation in general, are accompanied by a strong aspiration process. And / b, d, g / is voiced plosive weakness, in addition to general unaspirated, the most vocal cords vibrating throat as well, the so-called cloud-based. This last point, it is the Chinese do not have. For example, many people have sent a guy into a full “E cover”, even thought both pronunciation has always been the same, this is because they “cloud” can not be that the cloud of g. In turn, through the efforts finally to the English / b, d, g / “voiced” enough, and made right, and heard / p, t, k / in / s / back to “cloud” and many people (including our voice teacher) ruined the sky / spade / start hair into sgy / sbade / sdart, it would go too far into the fallacy of the anti-. In fact, / s / after / p, t, k / main voice changes, not the “cloud,” but rather a strong aspiration to lose the original characteristics of nothing, its effect, and Chinese became unaspirated [b, d, g] close to the / s / behind the same. 3) whether the syllable re-read when there is this “aspirated into unaspirated” phenomenon? Not. It can be said, even in the most stressed syllable, such as spin in, / p / sound became unaspirated. In unstressed syllables, the more goes without saying. 4) From the English phonetics (rather than English phonology) point of view, these changes may sound quality can be classified as “cloud” of the range, but for us ordinary people who are learning English do not have much practical significance, so does not belong to the scope of this post. 5) friends who are interested can refer to some of the writings of authoritative voice, such as the United Kingdom Daniel Jones and AC Gimson work and so on. Third, questions and answers explain the question: coast of the “t” is being in front of the “s” of the cloud into a “d”. A: No. 1, only a clear pronunciation of consonants cloud phenomenon, not a rule, authentic teaching of English who are opposed to the development of a rule specifically to illustrate this problem. 2, only a total of pronunciation rules: read according to the phonetic dictionary, how to change it according to authentic English habits. 3, s behind the cloud of being voiceless, voiceless only a small part of the cloud, often without any increase in s may be muddy. Such as water, happy, meeting, walking, etc., idiomatic English is generally the middle of these words made into a voiceless consonant corresponding voiced consonants, and only like English. 4, S behind the voiceless cloud phenomenon can be summarized: voiceless consonant followed by a vowel, there in front of a s, either in front or middle of words, as long as in the stressed syllable or second syllable, the general read into the corresponding voiced consonants, such as stand, strike, speak, sky, etc., it is worth mentioning that strike is not without change, but it “tr” sound has been issued is voiced consonants, but it should also become “dr “The sound that made (such as the dream of” dr “issued by the tone). In fact, no one has read the provisions to be so, if you take this question to foreigners, most of them are not answer, but these words related to reading in reading voiceless becomes voiced a natural. If this combination is not followed by vowels, there is no cloud in the issue. Such as the grasp, test, desk, still made voiceless. There are exceptions, do not say that it does not meet the rules, because already there is no rule, insisted on rules, then it does not work. Such as student, stupid, if you read the rules according to the so-called into [sd ...], not nice, and native English speaking people will know to ask “Are you from China to the bar.” Here the letter “t” is generally used to send into the jeep in the “j” sound that was issued authentic. Fourth, the consonants of the rules in the cloud of American English and British English differences in speech, we usually will be “American Mandarin” (General American, referred to as GA) and the accepted standard English (Received Pronunciation, referred to as RP) for more. The differences in pronunciation between the two main features: 1 in / s / / F / / f / / m / / n / and other consonants before the letters a, American English generally pronounced / A / sound, sound is the United Kingdom attack / B: /. Such as: Americans will pass (through), chance (opportunity), respectively, read / pAs /, / tFAns /. 2 In the UK the standard pronunciation, the letter r just before the vowel pronunciation, such as real (true), and ending in consonants before or when it is not pronounced. But language in the United States, r before consonants made clear in the retroflex, pronounced also in the ending time, such as: farm / fa: rm /, car / ka: r /. 3 using the same phonetic, but the pronunciation is different, for example: When the voiceless consonant [t] sandwiched between two vowels, is re-read the previous vowel, is light reading after a vowel, such as the writer (writer) Americans accustomed to clear cloud of consonants, so the writer and rider (rider) sound nearly the same. Similar examples are the latter (the latter) with ladder (ladder); petal (the petals) and pedal (pedal). 4 non-re-read the letter e, in the United States language often read as [e], while in British English is read. Such as: Americans will except (except — outside) read / eksept /, the British are read / iksept /. 5 suffix-ile language in the United States read / il / or / i: l /, and the British will be the suffix read / ail /. Such as: hostile (hostile) / hRstil / (U.S.); / hRstail / (English). 6 Americans tend to speak in non-stressed syllable vowels are read out, such as history / 5histEri /, extraordinary / eks5trR: dinEri /. English words are used to omit one of the syllables, read / 5histri /, / iks5trR: dinEri /, the omitted after the read / ikstro: dnri /.